The phrase “closed until further notice due to COVID-19” has become all too familiar.
“因COVID-19而关闭，直至另行通知”这句话已被大家耳熟能详了。
And, while we have started to grow accustomed to losing access to many resources that typically define our community existence, there’s one that’s particularly crucial to student and faculty researchers: libraries. For some, it may be easy to write off libraries as “nice-to-have.” But for scholars, they are essential. And as library doors began to shutter throughout California and much of the world, the potential impact on the academic community was profound.
虽然我们已经开始习惯于失去许多资源，且这些资源通常定义了我们的社区存在的意义，但有一种资源对学生和教职研究人员尤其重要：图书馆。对一些人来说，可能很容易认为图书馆是“最好的”。但对学者来说，它们是必不可少的。当加州乃至世界许多地方的图书馆大门陆续关闭，对学术界的潜在影响是深远的。
Thankfully, the University of California has been preparing for this moment for decades. In 2008, the UC Libraries co-founded HathiTrust, and started contributing scanned copies of books and journals to the new organization. Based at the University of Michigan (U-M), HathiTrust is a large-scale repository of digital content collaboratively created by academic and research institutions. As researchers lost access to vital hard-copy materials, it initiated an Emergency Temporary Access Service (ETAS) to give UC researchers critical access to more than 13 million digital volumes. This revolution has been immediately impactful — and a profound advancement in sharing digital content.
值得庆幸的是，加州大学几十年来一直在为这一时刻做准备。2008年，加州大学图书馆联合创立了HathiTrust，并开始向这个新组织提供图书和期刊的扫描件。HathiTrust位于密歇根大学（U-M），是一个由学术和研究机构合作创建的大型数字内容存储库。由于研究人员无法获得重要的硬拷贝资料，该公司启动了紧急临时存取服务（ETAS），以便让加州大学的研究人员能够访问1300多万册数字图书。这一革命立即产生了影响，并在共享数字内容方面取得了深远的进步。
“For Berkeley faculty, students, and staff, [the ETAS] opens up a trove of materials,” says Salwa Ismail, associate university librarian for digital initiatives and information technology, UC Berkeley. “Our shelves are closed, but as long as your screens are open, you’ll have access to most of our resources.”
“对于伯克利的教师、学生和工作人员来说，（ETAS）打开了一个资料宝库，”Salwa Ismail说，他是加州大学伯克利分校的数字方案和信息技术副图书馆馆长。“我们的图书馆关闭了，但只要你的屏幕是打开的，你就可以使用我们的大部分资源。”
Preparing for a digital future
为数字未来做准备
UC established the California Digital Library (CDL) in 1997, as it became clear that emerging technologies would continue to transform how digital information was published and accessed. In the years since its founding, one of the CDL’s initiatives has been partnering with campus libraries systemwide to digitize the university’s combined holdings, which together comprise the largest university library system in the world.
加州大学于1997年建立了加州数字图书馆(CDL)，因为新兴技术将继续改变数字信息的发布和获取方式，这一点变得越来越明显。自成立以来，中心的其中一项工作是与校园图书馆系统合作，将大学图书馆的馆藏数字化，使其成为世界上最大的大学图书馆系统。
In 2006, the CDL initiated an impactful partnership with the Google Books Library Project, which at the time was seeking to create a comprehensive, publicly accessible digital archive of the world’s books. For years, library staff throughout UC have packed books and journals and shipped them to Google Books to be scanned, page by page. Through their participation, UC libraries receive digital copies of every volume from Google, and contribute them to HathiTrust.
2006年，CDL与谷歌图书图书馆项目（Google Books Library Project）启动了一项有影响力的合作，该项目当时正在寻求创建一个全面的、可公开访问的世界图书数字档案。多年来，加州大学图书馆的工作人员一直在打包书籍和期刊，并将它们运送到谷歌图书馆进行逐页扫描。通过他们的参与，加州大学图书馆收到来自谷歌的每一卷的数字拷贝，并将它们贡献给HathiTrust。
As Laine Farley, interim executive director of the CDL in 2008, said at the partnership launch, “The UC libraries have an unparalleled reputation for innovation in digital library development and inter-institutional collaboration. Participation in HathiTrust continues this tradition and will enable UC to provide its students and scholars with access to one of the most significant digital collections ever assembled.”
正如2008年CDL的临时执行主任Laine Farley在合作启动仪式上所说，“加州大学图书馆在数字图书馆发展和机构间合作创新方面享有无与伦比的声誉。”HathiTrust的参与延续了这一传统，将使UC能够为其学生和学者提供有史以来最重要的数字集合之一。”
Today, with 4.5 million digital volumes and counting included in HathiTrust, UC’s content contributions are second only to co-founder U-M.
如今，由于HathiTrust收录了450万册数字图书，UC的内容贡献仅次于密歇根大学（U-M）联合创始人。
The value of preservation
保存的价值
Partnerships like HathiTrust and Google Books are essential to universities’ digitization efforts because they significantly minimize the resources each must expend to preserve individual collections. For example, once U-M has scanned a book that is in UC’s physical collection, UC doesn’t, in theory, need to digitize the same book for its HathiTrust digital collection. This overlap between university libraries is in the millions. In addition to saving time and money, these coordinated efforts minimize potential damage to fragile older volumes, particularly those that are too delicate to remain in circulation.
HathiTrust和谷歌这样的合作伙伴对于大学的数字化工作是至关重要的，因为他们极大地减少了每个人为了保存个人藏书而必须花费的资源。例如，一旦U-M扫描了UC s实体馆藏中的一本书，理论上，UC就不需要为它的HathiTrust数字馆藏对同一本书进行数字化。大学图书馆之间的这种重叠是数以百万计的。除了节省时间和金钱外，这些协调努力还尽量减少对脆弱的旧书的潜在损害，特别是那些太脆弱而不能继续流通的旧书。
The benefits of digitizing rare materials have become abundantly clear during the ETAS. “A graduate student was interested in a rare 20th-century newspaper held in our Special Collections and Archives, that is not available freely online. Examining this particular title is key to his research, and I was able to point him to the ETAS access,” says Heather Smedberg, reference and instruction coordinator for UC San Diego Library’s Special Collections & Archives. “The scanned copy was from the University of Virginia, which spared us the need to rescan our fragile copy as part of the Google Books project in the first place. Having this kind of access outside of emergency situations would be a valuable preservation service.”
数字化稀有材料的好处在ETAS上变得非常明显。“一名研究生对我们收藏的一份罕见的20世纪报纸感兴趣，这份报纸在网上是无法免费获得的。”加州大学圣地亚哥分校图书馆（UC San Diego Library）特别馆藏参考与指导协调员Heather Smedberg说：“研究这个特殊的主题是他研究的关键，我能给他指出ETAS的入口。“扫描件来自弗吉尼亚大学（University of Virginia），这样一来，作为谷歌图书项目的一部分，我们就无需重新扫描我们的易碎图书了。在紧急情况之外拥有这样的通道将是一项宝贵的保护服务。”
Science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) scholars are more likely to be able to access materials digitally, as STEM research content is typically recent. But scholars of the humanities — particularly of social sciences and the arts — often need to access materials that are decades or centuries old. For these disciplines, digitization is particularly vital, as scholars must sometimes travel long distances to access a specific book or journal.
科学、技术、工程和数学(STEM)学者更有可能获得数字化材料，因为STEM的研究内容通常是最新的。但是人文学科的学者，尤其是社会科学和艺术的学者，经常需要查阅几十年或几百年前的资料。对于这些学科来说，数字化尤其重要，因为学者们有时必须长途跋涉才能获取某一特定的书籍或期刊。
“I’ve had a lot of success finding lists of books for literature faculty working on publications and graduate students who are studying for qualifying exams,” says Nina Mamikunian, literature librarian at UC San Diego Library. “Most of these books are older and aren’t available electronically on our usual platforms. Without ETAS, researchers would not be able to access them. The graduate students, in particular, are incredibly grateful for this resource.”
加州大学圣地亚哥分校图书馆的文学图书管理员Nina Mamikunian表示:“我已经成功地为从事出版物工作的文学系教师和正在准备资格考试的研究生找到了很多书单。”他说:“大多数书都比较旧，不能在我们通常的平台上通过电子方式获取。没有ETAS，研究人员就无法访问它们。特别是研究生，他们对这些资源非常感激。”
A question of ownership
所有权的问题
Google Books’ original intent was to digitize the entirety of the world’s publications. While this concept was thrilling in terms of research and access, it was problematic from the perspective of the publishing industry. Google faced several copyright lawsuits before adapting to its current use policy, which allows unfettered access to materials in the public domain and only basic search results for copyrighted volumes. Texts under copyright must be accessed traditionally, either by purchasing them or borrowing them from a library or institution that has purchased them.
谷歌Books最初的目的是将全世界所有的出版物数字化。尽管这一概念在研究和获取方面令人激动，但从出版业的角度来看却存在问题。谷歌在适应目前的使用政策之前，曾面临过几次版权诉讼，该政策允许用户自由访问公共领域的资料，只对受版权保护的图书进行基本的搜索结果。受版权保护的文本必须通过传统方式获得，要么购买它们，要么从购买它们的图书馆或机构借阅。
In normal times, access through HathiTrust is similar: It serves as a much-needed aggregation of digitized print holdings from many member libraries’ collections, but it does not ordinarily provide full-text access for materials under copyright. Here’s why: When UC Riverside, for example, contributes a botany textbook to HathiTrust, the physical book returns to its library after scanning. If one student could check out the hard-copy textbook while three others simultaneously viewed it on HathiTrust, UC Riverside would gain four access points while only having paid for one. For this reason, while HathiTrust archives full text of copyrighted volumes, copyright constraints have prevented researchers from reading them.
在正常情况下，HathiTrust的访问方式是类似的：它从许多成员图书馆的馆藏中提供了一个急需的数字化印刷馆藏集合，但它通常不提供有版权保护的材料的全文访问。原因如下：例如，加州大学河滨分校（UC Riverside）向HathiTrust捐赠一本植物学教科书时，这本实体书在扫描后会返回其图书馆。如果有一名学生可以在HathiTrust上查看这本硬拷贝教科书，而另外三名学生同时在HathiTrust上查看，加州大学河滨分校将获得四个访问点，而只需支付一个访问点的费用。出于这个原因，HathiTrust在存档有版权书籍的全文的同时，版权限制也阻止了研究人员阅读它们。
During the ETAS, HathiTrust has made selected copyrighted materials within its collections accessible to researchers at contributing institutions that are experiencing an unexpected or involuntary service disruption. ETAS access mirrors the access university’s researchers would have to hard-copy volumes if libraries were open. For example, UC Riverside’s single physical copy of a botany textbook grants digital ETAS access to one student at a time. If UC libraries hold four copies of a book, four students can access it through HathiTrust simultaneously. Since UC’s libraries are part of a single statewide system, so is their HathiTrust access.
通过ETAS，HathiTrust已经为那些正在经历意外或非自愿中断服务的贡献机构的研究人员提供了精选的馆藏版权材料。ETAS存取镜就像大学研究人员在图书馆开放的情况下对纸质书的存取。例如，加州大学河滨分校（UC Riverside）的一本植物学教科书的实体拷贝允许电子ETAS每次只对一名学生开放。如果加州大学图书馆有四本图书，四个学生可以同时通过HathiTrust访问它。由于加州大学的图书馆是一个单一的全州系统的一部分，所以他们允许HathiTrust访问。
Legal experts believe that this controlled digital lending model, where library users can collectively only access as many copies of a volume as their library owns, is permissible under copyright law as a fair use.
法律专家认为，这种受控的数字借阅模式，即图书馆用户只能集体获得其图书馆拥有的一册图书的数量，是版权法允许的合理使用方式。
Crucial access at a critical time
在关键时刻的关键访问
The ETAS may sound fairly straightforward, but it is, in fact, revolutionary. Typically, if UC researchers at one campus need a volume at another campus, they can request the book through interlibrary loan. Although this process is surprisingly expedient — materials are typically delivered in 24 to 48 hours — under HathiTrust ETAS, researchers can digitally reserve books from other UCs within seconds. The volume of accessible materials is tremendous: The ETAS allows UC researchers to access more than 13 million digital volumes, including HaithiTrust’s 6.7 million volumes in the public domain.
ETAS听起来相当简单，但实际上它是革命性的。通常情况下，如果一个加州大学分校的研究人员需要另一个分校的一本书，他们可以通过馆际互借的方式申请这本书。尽管这一过程非常方便——材料通常在24到48小时内送达——但在HathiTrust ETAS系统下，研究人员可以在几秒钟内通过数字技术从其他UCs系统中预定书籍。可访问材料的数量是巨大的：ETAS允许加州大学的研究人员访问超过1300万的数字卷，包括HaithiTrust在公共领域的670万卷。
Kathryn Stine, senior product manager, digitization and digital content, CDL, helps to coordinate the UC libraries in their interactions with the HathiTrust ETAS. “This is very much an effort to provide continuity of access to materials for research, learning and teaching at a time when faculty, students and staff need remote access to online content,” she says.
Kathryn Stine, CDL数字化和数字内容高级产品经理，协助协调UC图书馆与HathiTrust ETAS的互动。她表示:“在教师、学生和教职员工需要远程访问在线内容的时候，这在很大程度上是为了提供研究、学习和教学所需材料的连续性。”
“Through our long-standing partnership with HathiTrust, we have created the conditions for the UC community to access an amazing amount of information during this crisis,” says Günter Waibel, executive director, California Digital Library and member, HathiTrust Board of Governors. “Through our leadership and content contributions, we are also supporting 150 other US research libraries who are just as ecstatic as we are to be able to provide this emergency access to their communities.”
“通过与HathiTrust的长期合作，我们为UC社区在此次危机中获取大量信息创造了条件，”HathiTrust董事会成员、加州数字图书馆执行董事Gunter Waibel说。“通过我们的领导力和内容贡献，我们也支持其他150个美国研究图书馆，他们和我们一样为能够向他们的社区提供这种紧急访问而欣喜若狂。”
“This is a great example of how the CDL has coordinated a critical service that impacts users throughout the system,” says Roger Smith, interim associate university librarian for collection services at the UC San Diego Library. “The ETAS is quite a proof of concept in regards to the power of aggregate digital holdings that could be circulated via controlled digital lending. It has highlighted that there is a continuing interest and proven value in refining the quality and completeness of our holdings in the HathiTrust corpus.”
“这是CDL如何协调影响整个系统用户的关键服务的一个很好的例子，”Roger Smith说，他是加州大学圣地亚哥图书馆负责收集服务的图书馆馆藏服务临时副馆长。“ETAS充分证明了数字资产总量的强大力量，它可以通过受控的数字贷款来流通。它突出表明，我们对HathiTrust语料库的质量和完整性有持续的兴趣和已证明的价值。”
The HathiTrust ETAS is, as its name clearly articulates, an emergency, temporary service. But knowledge of how its unprecedented access has advanced research will endure long after the crisis.
HathiTrust ETAS，顾名思义，是一种紧急的临时服务。但知识如何前所未有地获得先进的研究，将在危机过后的很长时间内继续存在。
“While the COVID-19 crisis has brought much grief and heartbreak, it also brought some things we may now want to find a way to keep, like the much-improved air quality in major metropolitan areas of California,” says Waibel. “As far as access to digital content goes, we’re exploring creative — and legal — ways of how we may be able to extend some of the compelling features of this service into a post-pandemic world. Stay tuned!”
“虽然COVID-19危机带来了很多悲伤和心碎，但它也带来了一些我们现在可能想要设法保持的东西，比如加州主要都市地区的空气质量大幅改善，”Waibel说。“就获取数字内容而言，我们正在探索创造性的——合法的——方法，以使我们能够将这项服务的一些引人注目的功能扩展到流行病结束后的世界。请继续关注!”
